Producers(Career Paper) Essays - Music Production, Record Producer

Producers(Career Paper) Introduction I believe by researching this career, I will learn more about what its like to be a producer. I also believe that my research will help me choose what occupation Id like to have when I finish school. I chose this profession as the topic of my career paper because I want to learn more about it because I may be interested in going into this career. Job Description Producers have financial and administrative control over the making of movies, plays, and TV shows. Producers hire directors, principal members of the cast, and negotiate contracts with artistic personnel, often in accordance with collective bargaining agreement (Actors, Directors, and Producers 180). Together with the director, the producer also hires other members of the staff. A large staff includes several production assistants, associate producers, or assistant producers who are in charge of various parts of the production. These assistants help producers perform their task. During production, the producer is in charge of all the people involved in the movie, television, or theater project, including actors, directors, and production workers (CIC 154). Kaci Wall Anyone with enough money can produce a play or movie. A person successful in business who has contacts in the theater may raise the money to produce a play. Someone experienced in films, such as a director, may raise enough money to produce a film. Producers are entrepreneurs. They select plays or scripts, arrange financing, and decide on the size of the production and its budget. (CIC 154). Movie producers may be employed by film studios or may work independently. Producers who work for large film companies usually have experience both in films and business. The job of producer can be approached from either field. A lot of money goes into these productions, and the producers job is to raise the money needed and see that its spent wisely. Its the producers responsibility for ultimately turning a profit for the investors. A good producer would recognize a successful show or movie while its still in planning stages. A smart producer spots a bad idea, more often than not, before too much money is wasted on it (CIC 154). Kaci Wall Education Required There are no standard educational or training requirements for the position of producer (CIC 154). Most producers have studied film, video production, or drama at the college level. Many have also trained as actors in dramatic arts schools. People who may be accepted need at least a bachelors degree or two years of on-set experience and also must pass written tests. Courses in acting and communications can be helpful. College drama courses in liberal arts, stage speech and movement, directing, playwriting, history of drama, and design and play production can be helpful also. (GIS 1). Talent and experience are very important to getting a job in this field. Producers need good business sense to handle finances. Movie and play producers need to have enough personal contacts to be able to raise money, hire staff, and find distributors (GIS 1). Expected Earnings In general, the pay for producers is good. Producer salaries range from $25,000-$70,000. Executive producers make even higher salaries, sometimes up to $200,000. A producer can earn a few thousand dollars, or a Kaci Wall few hundred thousand dollars for a production. Those with larger budgets earn much more than other producers (GIS 1). Job Outlook The number of producers is small. Few new producers are hired each year by the large TV and film companies (CIC 155). Employment of producers is expected to grow faster than the average for all occupations through 2008. In addition, an even greater number of job openings are expected to arise from the need to replace workers who leave the field. Nevertheless, competition for these jobs will be stiff, as the glamour of actor, director, and producer jobs, coupled with the lack of formal entry requirements will attract many people to these occupations. As in the past, only the most talented will find regular employment (OOH). Contribution Entertainment is very important to society today, which is why I think this occupation is important. Most people like to watch television, movies, or plays, and without this option, many people would be very disappointed. Without producers, television programs, movies, and plays would not be possible. They are

Constructing the Empire State Building

Constructing the Empire State Building Ever since it was built, the Empire State Building has captured the attention of young and old alike.  Every year, millions of tourists flock to the Empire State Building to get a glimpse from its 86th and 102nd-floor observatories. The image of the Empire State Building has appeared in hundreds of ads and movies. Who can forget King Kongs climb to the top or the romantic meeting in An Affair to Remember and Sleepless in Seattle?  Countless toys, models, postcards, ashtrays, and thimbles bear the image if not the shape of the towering Art Deco building. Why does the Empire State Building appeal to so many? When the Empire State Building opened on May 1, 1931, it was the tallest building in the world - standing at 1,250 feet tall. This building not only became an icon of New York City, but it also became a symbol of twentieth-century mans attempts to achieve the impossible. The Race to the Sky When the Eiffel Tower (984 feet) was built in 1889 in Paris,  it  taunted American architects to build something taller. By the early twentieth century, a skyscraper race was on. By 1909 the Metropolitan Life Tower rose 700 feet (50 stories), quickly followed by the Woolworth Building in 1913 at 792 feet (57 stories), and soon surpassed by the Bank of Manhattan Building in 1929 at 927 feet (71 stories). When John Jakob Raskob (previously a vice president of General Motors) decided to join in the skyscraper race, Walter Chrysler (founder of the Chrysler Corporation) was constructing a monumental building, the height of which he was keeping secret until the buildings completion. Not knowing exactly what height he had to beat, Raskob started construction on his own building. In 1929, Raskob and his partners bought a parcel of property at 34th Street and Fifth Avenue for their new skyscraper. On this property sat the glamorous Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. Since the property on which the hotel was located had become extremely valuable, the owners of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel decided to sell the property and build a new hotel on Park Avenue (between 49th and 50th Streets). Raskob was able to purchase the site for approximately $16 million. The Plan to Build the Empire State Building After deciding on and obtaining a site for the skyscraper, Raskob needed a plan. Raskob hired Shreve, Lamb Harmon to be the architects for his new building. It is said that Raskob pulled a thick pencil out of a drawer and held it up to William Lamb and asked, Bill, how high can you make it so that it wont fall down?1 Lamb got started planning right away. Soon, he had a plan: The logic of the plan is very simple. A certain amount of space in the center, arranged as compactly as possible, contains the vertical circulation, mail chutes, toilets, shafts and corridors. Surrounding this is a perimeter of office space 28 feet deep. The sizes of the floors diminish as the elevators decrease in number. In essence, there is a pyramid of non-rentable space surrounded by a greater pyramid of rentable space. 2 But was the plan high enough to make the Empire State Building the tallest in the world? Hamilton Weber, the original rental manager, describes the worry: We thought we would be the tallest at 80 stories. Then the Chrysler went higher, so we lifted the Empire State to 85 stories, but only four feet taller than the Chrysler. Raskob was worried that Walter Chrysler would pull a trick - like hiding a rod in the spire and then sticking it up at the last minute. 3 The race was getting very competitive. With the thought of wanting to make the Empire State Building higher, Raskob himself came up with the solution. After examining a scale model of the proposed building, Raskob said, It needs a hat!4 Looking toward the future, Raskob decided that the hat would be used as a docking station for dirigibles. The new design for the Empire State Building, including the dirigible mooring mast, would make the building 1,250 tall (the Chrysler Building was completed at 1,046 feet with 77 stories). Who Was Going to Build It Planning the tallest building in the world was only half the battle; they still had to build the towering structure and the quicker the better. For the sooner the building was completed, the sooner it could bring in income. As part of their bid to get the job, builders Starrett Bros. Eken told Raskob that they could get the job done in eighteen months. When asked during the interview how much equipment they had on hand, Paul Starrett replied, Not a blankety-blank [sic] thing. Not even a pick and shovel. Starrett was sure that other builders trying to get the job had assured Raskob and his partners that they had plenty of equipment and what they didnt have they would rent. Yet Starrett explained his statement: Gentlemen, this building of yours is going to represent unusual problems. Ordinary building equipment wont be worth a damn on it. Well buy new stuff, fitted for the job, and at the end sell it and credit you with the difference. Thats what we do on every big project. It costs less than renting secondhand stuff, and its more efficient.5 Their honesty, quality, and swiftness won them the bid. With such an extremely tight schedule, Starrett Bros. Eken started planning immediately. Over sixty different trades would need to be hired, supplies would need to be ordered (much of it to specifications because it was such a large job), and time needed to be minutely planned. The companies they hired had to be dependable and be able to follow through with quality work within the allotted timetable. The supplies had to be made at the plants with as little work as possible needed at the site. Time was scheduled so that each section of the building process overlapped - timing was essential. Not a minute, an hour, or a day was to be wasted. Demolishing Glamor The first section of the construction timetable was the demolition of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. When the public heard that the hotel was to be torn down, thousands of people sent requests for mementos from the building. One man from Iowa wrote asking for the Fifth Avenue side iron railing fence. A couple requested the key to the room they had occupied on their honeymoon. Others wanted the flagpole, the stained-glass windows, the fireplaces, light fixtures, bricks, etc. Hotel management held an auction for many items they thought might be wanted.6 The rest of the hotel was torn down, piece by piece. Though some of the materials were sold for reuse  and  others were given  away for kindling, the bulk of the debris was hauled to a dock, loaded onto barges, and then dumped fifteen miles into the Atlantic Ocean. Even before the demolition of the Waldorf-Astoria was complete, excavation for the new building was begun. Two shifts of 300 men worked day and night to dig through the hard rock in order to make a foundation. Raising the Steel Skeleton of the Empire State Building The steel skeleton was built next, with work beginning on March 17, 1930. Two-hundred and ten steel columns made up the vertical frame. Twelve of these ran the entire height of the building (not including the mooring mast). Other sections ranged from six to eight stories in length. The steel girders could not be raised more than 30 stories at a time, so several large cranes (derricks) were used to pass the girders up to the higher floors. Passersby would stop to gaze upward at the workers as they placed the girders together. Often, crowds formed to watch the work. Harold Butcher, a correspondent for Londons  Daily Herald  described the workers as right there in the flesh, outwardly prosaic, incredibly nonchalant, crawling, climbing, walking, swinging, swooping on gigantic steel frames.7 The riveters were just as fascinating to watch, if not more so. They worked in teams of four: the heater (passer), the catcher, the bucker-up, and the gunman. The heater placed about ten rivets into the fiery forge. Then once they were red-hot, he would use a pair of three-foot tongs to take out a rivet and toss it - often 50 to 75 feet - to the catcher. The catcher used an old paint can (some had started to use a new  catching  can  made  specifically for the purpose) to catch the still red-hot rivet. With the catchers other hand, he would use tongs to remove the rivet from the can, knock it against a beam to remove any cinders, then place the rivet into one of the holes in a beam. The bucker-up would support the rivet while the gunman would hit the head of the rivet with a riveting hammer (powered by compressed air),  shoving  the rivet into the girder where it would fuse together. These men worked all the way from the bottom floor to the 102nd floor, over a thousand fe et up. When the workers finished placing the steel, a massive cheer rose up with hats  waiving  and a flag raised. The very last rivet was ceremoniously placed - it was solid gold. Lots  of Coordination The construction of the rest of the Empire State Building was a model of efficiency. A railway was built at the construction site to move materials quickly. Since each railway car (a cart pushed by people) held eight times more than a wheelbarrow, the materials were moved with less effort. The builders innovated in ways that saved time, money, and manpower. Instead of having the ten million bricks needed for construction dumped in the street as was usual for construction, Starrett had trucks dump the bricks down a chute which led to a hopper in the basement. When needed, the bricks would be released from the hopper, thus dropped into carts which were hoisted up to the appropriate floor. This process eliminated the need to close down streets for brick storage as well as eliminated much back-breaking labor of moving the bricks from the pile to the bricklayer via wheelbarrows.9 While the outside of the building was being constructed, electricians and plumbers began installing the internal necessities of the building.  The timing  for each trade to start working was finely tuned. As Richmond Shreve described: When we were in full swing going up the main tower, things clicked with such precision that once we erected fourteen and a half floors in ten working days - steel, concrete, stone and all. We always thought of it as a parade in which each marcher kept pace and the parade marched out of the top of the building, still in perfect step. Sometimes we thought of it as a great assembly line - only the assembly line did the moving; the finished product stayed in place.10 The Empire State Building Elevators Have you ever stood  waiting  in a ten - or even a six-story building for an elevator  that seemed to take forever? Or have you ever gotten into an elevator and it took forever to get to your floor because the elevator had to stop at every floor to let someone on or off? The Empire State Building was going to have 102 floors and expected to have 15,000 people in the building. How would people get to the top floors without waiting hours for the elevator or climbing the stairs? To help with this problem, the architects created seven banks of elevators, with each servicing a portion of the floors. For instance, Bank A serviced the third through seventh floors while Bank B serviced the seventh through 18th floors. This way, if you needed to get to the 65th floor, for example, you could take an elevator from Bank F and only have possible stops from the 55th floor to the 67th floor, rather than from the first floor to the 102nd. Making the elevators  faster was another solution. The Otis Elevator Company installed 58 passenger elevators and eight service elevators in the Empire State Building. Though these elevators could travel up to 1,200 feet per minute, the building code restricted the speed to only 700 feet per minute based on older models of elevators. The builders took a chance, installed the faster (and more expensive) elevators (running them at the slower speed) and hoped that the building code would soon change. A month after the Empire State Building was opened, the building code was changed to 1,200 feet per minute and the elevators in the Empire State Building were sped up. The Empire State Building Is Finished! The entire Empire State Building was constructed in just one year and 45 days - an amazing feat! The Empire State Building came in on time and under budget. Because the  Great Depression  significantly lowered labor costs, the cost of the building was only $40,948,900 (below the $50 million expected price tag). The Empire State Building officially opened on May 1,  1931, to a lot of fanfare. A ribbon was cut, Mayor Jimmy Walker gave a speech, and President  Herbert Hoover  lit up the tower with a push of a button. The Empire State Building had become the tallest building in the world and would keep that record until the completion of the World Trade Center in New York City in 1972. Notes Jonathan Goldman,  The Empire State Building Book  (New York: St. Martins Press, 1980) 30.William Lamb as quoted in Goldman,  Book  31 and John Tauranac,  The Empire State Building: The Making of a Landmark  (New York: Scribner, 1995) 156.Hamilton Weber as quoted in Goldman,  Book  31-32.Goldman,  Book  32.Tauranac,  Landmark  176.Tauranac,  Landmark  201.Tauranac,  Landmark  208-209.Tauranac,  Landmark  213.Tauranac,  Landmark  215-216.Richmond Shreve as quoted in Tauranac,  Landmark  204. Bibliography Goldman, Jonathan.  The Empire State Building Book. New York: St. Martins Press, 1980.Tauranac, John.  The Empire State Building: The Making of a Landmark. New York: Scribner, 1995.

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Business Plan - Essay Example The restaurant will specialize in a combination of fast cold or hot sandwiches and salads. It will also have specific recipes for the Dubai locals. The FWD’s unique menu, excellent location and repeat business are the main keys to the restaurants success. The restaurant will basically be a sole proprietorship owned by Ursula. The initial capital investment will be $30000. An additional of capital of $20000 will be raised in short term loan. The company will however overcome these challenges due to its excellent location. Further, it intends to draw into its main target market segment (business professionals) by providing a suitably upscale environment. For the restaurant to achieve the highest sales volume especially during its peak hours, it will seek to provide the customers with quality food and maximum number of services. It has planned charge a slightly higher price on its product and services that the competitors to justify for its upscale establishment and also cover for the operating costs that are expected to be higher because of the expanded and differentiated menu. First World Delicacies (FWD) is a new era restaurant that focuses on fast, nutritious and, healthy food to the local downtown area in Dubai. The restaurant will specialize in a combination of fast cold or hot sandwiches and salads. It will also have specific recipes for the Dubai locals. The distinct menu offered by the FWD allows it to follow a differentiation strategy which will allow it to provide hard to find or unique choices to its customers. All these will enable the restaurant to charge a slightly higher price that the customers thereby returning a significant profit. FWD is basically a restaurant which has both lunch and dinner menus. It also treats customers who come for dinner with a theme show. First World Delicacies (FWD) is a new era restaurant that

The Cuban Missile Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Cuban Missile Crisis - Research Paper Example Then, the Civil War was fought in order to determine that America was established for the freedom of all regardless of race. The biggest and largest scale engagements that the United States was involved in were World War I and World War II. After the end of these worlds, very few superpowers existed to maintain the world order. Europe had taken the hammer the hardest and suffered the most. The two superpowers that were still standing was the democratic United States and the communist run Soviet Union. Because of the advent of nuclear technology and the development of nuclear warheads, each country was hardening itself trying to take hold of superiority. Many of the small fires which flared up were fought based on the policy of containment that the United States upheld to as well as fighting a war based on proxy. The single most defining event in United States history, in my opinion, was the Cuban Missile Crisis. It was an event in which the whole world was watching waiting for armage ddon to occur. Mutual assured destruction (MAD) seemed inevitable. The historical setting was that Cuba was and still is a communist controlled country. The United States had tried to intervene by supporting a particular communist government in which would be friendly and cooperate with the United States (Batista Dictatorship).

Soldiers Home written by Ernest Hemingway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Soldiers Home written by Ernest Hemingway - Essay Example Hemingway depicts a conflict revealing how society is demanding conformity from such struggling souls who fail to fit in the mold of that culture. The story takes a unique form as Hemingway sets it out for Harold Krebs who returns from World War I having lost all his possessions. It is his hometown which receives him with an odd expression, the community wondering why he returned so late. This dark picture of the society demanding and expecting Krebs to return to normal life reflects the cruelty and uncompassionate attitude towards the soldier. People expect him to glorify the experience of war, something that he did not even come close enough to experience. His familiarity with the war was as gruesome as for the other soldiers but, unfortunately, the community had already heard so many such stories that they refused to listen to his part. On his return home, Krebs already feared the stagnant life of his small hometown in America. Apparently, his father drove the same car but the onl y difference he could see was in the grown up and modern girls. Caught between the wishes of his pious mother and materialistic father, he induced self paralysis in him, an act he could not avoid because he could not adjust himself with the people around him. He wished for a simple life. But he has even gone in doubt about his relationship with God. When his mother asks him to look for a job for himself and says â€Å"There can be no idle hands in His Kingdom†, Krebs replies, â€Å"I’m not in His Kingdom† (Hemingway 351). According to Hemingway, Krebs is now just an observer and not the participant of his life. He does not feel the need to conform to the rules of the town such as courting a girl and settling down. He has no feelings for women. This depicts the negative connotations Hemingway hints at in the style of the story in which it is written. Surprisingly, Hemingway does not state whether it is good for Krebs or bad that he remains indifferent to the soci ety’s needs but ultimately gives in. Its demand for him not to change but remain who he was is very pressurizing for any human being leave alone an affected soldier who wishes to narrate his war experience to the people. When he does not get the right kind of attention he deserves, he is compelled to read books about war in which he had participated. He tries to comprehend his own experience by reading about the war. He has lost his natural experience which he did encounter during the wartimes as Hemingway states, â€Å"The times so long back when he had done the one thing, the only thing for a man to do, easily and naturally, when he might have done something else, now lost their cool, valuable quality and then were lost themselves† (Hemingway 348). When all is lost in a soldier’s life, there is nothing to give back but one’s own significant self. Krebs’ life is not destructive but people’s behavior has made it look like he will have to sec lude himself from the society if he resists the change they demand from him. His mother’s prayers for him and love for him signify a mother’s natural instinct; she is helpless in the hands of her husband and the people that surround them. She has become a typical woman of the era who would ask her son to do what the other boys his age are doing. He realizes

Ethical Issues of Clinical Ethics in the Developing World

Ethical Issues of Clinical Ethics in the Developing World Ethical Issues of Clinical Ethics And Research Ethics In The Developing World And Pakistan: Is There Any Solution? Zoheb Rafique Abstract: Health research plays an important role in addressing the inequities in human development and health, but in order to achieve these objectives, research should be based on ethical principles and sound scientific knowledge. Although it is accepted fact that bioethics play a pivotal role in health related research in the developing countries, much of recent debate has focused on the controversies surrounding internationally sponsored research and it has taken place largely without the adequate participation of developing countries. The relationship between the ethical guidelines and regulations, and also indigenously/locally sponsored and public health research is not adequately explored and so needs further exploration. Discussion Globally, there are wide inequalities in the economic development, in health outcomes, in burden of diseases and it is certain that the accelerating course towards globalization, without requisite safeguards and the protection of human rights, will only worsen the health inequalities. The funding of research in the developing countries has been the subject and debate of much attention recently. The forum for global health research has indicated that less than 10 % of the world’s research resources are earmarked for 90 % of the health problems. Recently, there was considerable debate regarding ethical conduct and the reviewing of health related research, but this debate has mostly taken place among the bioethicists and researchers in the industrialized countries. The view points of public health researchers and practitioners from the developing countries have been underrepresented. Research needs to respond to the community needs and also national priorities, and development of a national research agenda in the developing countries must be firmly grounded in the process of priority setting. However a more difficult challenge is to involve communities themselves in the research questions and to link their research to their development. Pakistan, being a poor country, has very limited health care resources. Treatment options for individual patients and between patients for free and subsidized treatments are common ethical dilemmas. Thus, prioritizing illnesses and people is an enormous ethical challenge and a very common part of every day medical practice in Pakistan. A review of published discourse on ethics in Pakistan reveals several general trends. These include a focus on ‘medicine’ as defined by formal western medical practice, delivered by physicians only. There is no pursuit of ethics as a focus of the work of other health professionals. The physician-authors of papers, the types of journals where papers have been published, and the phy sician dominant mode of health care, especially curative health care, in Pakistan make this understandable. Research ethics have not been captured in the published papers in Pakistan. This is an area of great importance that has escaped notice of the national thinkers and policy-makers. The conduct of appropriate and ethical research in international settings has been the focus of recent international reports. Ethical review committees, institutional review boards, and other national mechanisms to protect human subjects need to be discussed and put into place in Pakistan, as may be the case in other developing countries. Additional work is required to explore this important area within the context of the developing world. (1). The vital links between clinical and research ethics and human rights are perhaps of even greater significance in developing countries, where human rights are frequently ignored and violated. Conducting research in hierarchical, traditional countries such as P akistan adds yet another dimension to the difficulties in assuring that it is done in an ethical manner; an â€Å"indigenous† layer of cultural norms makes it even more of an uphill task, but it is a task that we are morally bound to shoulder. The historical and social construct of the Pakistan culture, the socioeconomic realities (with similarities to other countries in this region) and some of the deeply rooted values and customs pose challenges that are specific to this part of the world. We who live here know them, and only we can address them. Perhaps the most important factor that places human subjects at risk in this part of the world is the magnification of â€Å"power differentials† inherent in hierarchical societies such as Pakistan. This difference is particularly pronounced in the interactions between physicians and scientists and those they take care of or enroll in research projects. In Pakistan, scientists and physicians constitute the â€Å"elite† section of society. They are by and large the â€Å"English-Speaking†, affluent, highly educated minority in a society where the majority of those they deal with in their professional lives are â€Å"Urdu-Speaking†, poor, generally illiterate or misinformed and disadvantaged in many other ways. (2). Local researchers trained within the country have no concept of research ethics. There is a growing awareness that research cannot progress without better research ethics systems in developing countries. At the close of the last century several of the international agencies involved in funding health research, including WHO, tried to seriously examine the role of health research as an important contributor to sustainable human development. They also attempted to assess how governance of research at national, regional and global levels be made more effective and efficient. Ethical practice in health care and research is not only needed to ensure equity in health care and r esearch, but also to project individuals and communities from unnecessary risks and harm. (3).We can make clinical research more ethical in Pakistan by following all the International guidelines regarding clinical research ethics. Health research can play a crucial role in improving national and global health by developing and evaluating interventions and by exploring strategies that can empower individuals to alter unhealthy behaviors. However, health research involves human subjects and such individuals might be harmed by their participation in research. Accordingly, a strong system of ethical review is needed to enhance the protections of the rights and welfare of human subjects. Also, to enhance the public trust in research activities, investigators need to subscribe to a strict code of ethics that equals the highest standard of respect for human rights. This framework thus places ethics at the very core of a country’s programs for health and development. (4). There are f ive key ethical principles of ethical research that appear across the ethical codes of research institutions and associations. These are a) informed and voluntary consent; b) confidentiality of information shared; c) anonymity of research participants; d) beneficence or no harm to participants; and e) reciprocity. Researchers are expected to obtain informed consent from all those who are directly involved in research or in the vicinity of research. This principle adheres to a larger issue of respect to the participants so that they are not coerced into participation and have access to relevant information prior to the consent. Usually consent is obtained through written consent forms, and necessary elements of consent are identified by the review committees. These usually include prior information on key elements of research such as purpose, procedures, time period, risks, benefits, and a clause stipulating that participation is voluntary and the participants have the right to withd raw from the study. The principles of confidentiality of information shared and Anonymity of Research participants is also concerned with offering respect and protection to research participants through assurance of confidentiality of information shared and anonymity by not revealing the identity of the individuals and institutions involved. Typically anonymity is provided through the use of pseudonyms. The principles of Nonmaleficence, Beneficence and Reciprocity bounds the researchers to provide the participants with an outline of the risks and benefits involved to the participants in the study. The principle of reciprocity requires that the researchers consider actively ways through which participants could be compensated for their time and effort. Typically information about risks and benefits are expected to be provided in summary in the consent form and/or in a brief write up attached with the consent form. These principles and procedures of an ethical engagement with a resear ch study are laid out with the best of intentions to protect participants from malpractices and breach of ethics. However, the approach is taken from a mainly clinical medical research perspective with a concomitant view of epistemology and ontology. Hence, it is assumed that there is a well stated hypothesis which is to be tested, the relationship between the researcher and researched is clearly divided and bounded, and it is possible to outline the potential risks and benefits in some detail prior to the study. (5).The two salient concerns of public-health ethics in our Pakistan case are social justice as a background motivation and accountability as the primary operational objective. The formation of Pakistan’s NBC resulted from PMRC’s active involvement in documenting the under-distribution of global health research benefits to populations in LMICs (low and middle income countries). While this disparity might be seen as a failure of social justice on a global scale , redressing the 10/90 gap is in part a matter of domestic social justice, i-e, of how the benefits and burdens of social cooperation are distributed within each Sovereign State. Closing the gap would require governments of LMICs, such as Pakistan, to participate in dramatically increasing the amount of health research undertaken for the benefit of their own populations. Ensuring accountability for the conduct of this research with human subjects requires that protocols undergo independent ethical review. (6). A systems perspective will enable research stakeholders to improve their understanding and implementation of a national health research system (HRS) in order to improve health outcomes and health equity. Knowledge produced by health research, if disseminated widely, is a global public good. Knowledge contributes to the policies, activities, and performance of health systems, and to the improvement of individual’s and population’s health. The process of conducting research ethics and utilizing knowledge is a highly complex one. One glaring symptom of the current weakness of HRS across countries is that the research process and the policy process tend to exist in different worlds, with the result that research often has a limited impact on policy. Researchers and decision-makers tend to interact only around the â€Å"products† of their processes-for example, the results of a study for the researchers and a set of priorities for the decision-maker. Clearly, more attention needs to be given to establishing and maintaining ongoing links between the two words and, as noted previously, taking stock of the non-linearity of the research-policy-practice processes. (7). Bleak and confusing as the field may be, the last few years have been a watershed in international bioethics and the heightened debate has pushed ethical issues surrounding health research in developing countries into the limelight. The challenge is to develop sound plan for exp anding this ethics debate to larger issues of the global justice and equity, and to make the process as participatory and democratic as possible. The main goal in all these activities should be reduction of the global inequalities in health. Most of public health related problems in South Asia and their immediate causes are related to distal factors such as illiteracy, poverty, societal and gender inequities. The underlying issues must be understood to develop meaningful and sustainable solutions. (8).This will take time, but this is the only way to bring about true change in ethics of international health research. References Adnan A. Hyder and Sarah Nadeem. Health Ethics in Pakistan: A Literature Review of Its Present State. J Health Popul Nutr. 2001, 19(1): 6-11. Farhat Moazam. Research and developing countries: hopes and hypes. East Mediterranean Health Journal. 2006, Vol. 12 (Supplement no. 1): 30-36. Mohammad Afzal. Health research in the World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. East Mediterranean Health Journal. Vol. 14: 67-73. Mohammad Abdur Rab Et Al. Ethical Practices for Health Research in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of the World Health Organization: A Retrospective Data Analysis. Plos one. 2008, Vol. 3(5); e2094. Anjum Halai. Ethics in Qualitative Research: Issue and Challenges. Edqual Working Paper. 2006, Quality no. 5: 1-13. Adnan A. Hyder Et Al. Integrating ethics, health policy and health systems in low-and middle–income countries: case studies from Malaysia and Pakistan. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008, 86(8): 606-611. Tikki Pang Et Al. Knowledge for better health-a conceptual framework and foundation for health research systems. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2003, 81(11): 815-820. Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta. Globalization, Structural Adjustments and Public Health in South Asia: What does it mean for International Networking in Health Research and Researcher Training? 2001, 1-23.

Analysis of I dont kiss strangers :: essays research papers

The analysis of I Don’t Kiss Strangers In the short story, I Don’t Kiss Strangers there is a man versus man conflict regarding a couple who may never see each other again. In the beginning of the story there is little indication of foreshadowing of what will happen in the end. Therefore the reader is completely unaware of the outcome of the story. Written in the first person, the story takes place at a loud party with many intoxicated adults. A boyfriend has been drafted into the army and the love struck couple faces the chance of him not coming back.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author of the story, Shirley Jackson sets the mood with a sense of disbelief and shock as the story progresses and gets more in depth. The story gives clues of foreshadowing when someone tells him he cannot just go up to a girl and blatantly say â€Å"come on outside into the air, we gotta say goodbye somehow.† That statement kind of gives the reader clues that he wants to go somewhere else and spend his last night with her. Throughout the story, the protagonist tries to persuade his girlfriend to go to a different place other than a party to say Good-bye. However, she acts stubbornly and refuses to leave the party in fear that the liquor would be too far away. Using the liquor as a comfort zone so she does not have to face reality. In my opinion, she is trying to make it easier on her self by trying to avoid the fact that he is leaving and all she will have is memories. She talks about how long of a time it will be by saying that she want even know how the next guy will sound to her or that the next time she runs out of cigarettes she want have him to go get them. In my opinion, she says he will be different because over the year both of them will mature and the war will change him. The antagonist feels sorry for her self and goes on to say that if he does come back that neither he nor she will ever be the same again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The climax occurs when the couple is located in the bathroom discussing their dilemma. This is where the hints of foreshadowing in the beginning of the story start to really stand out. She really puts things blatant about not wanting to go somewhere else to talk.